UPF Classification

Classification of foods as ultra-processed can be done using the NOVA system.

This is a system of classifying food designed by the FAO, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. A full description of this system published by the FAO is available in PDF form here

FAO NOVA Classification

The NOVA system categorizes food based on the extent and purpose of industrial processing. It divides foods into four groups.

NOVA Group 1:

Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods

These are food items that are fresh or have undergone minimal processing like cleaning, drying, milling or pasteurization to extend shelf life without adding any new substances.

Examples: Fruits, vegetables, raw meat, eggs, milk and milled grains.

NOVA Group 2:

Processed Culinary Ingredients

These are substances extracted from group 1 foods, used for cooking and seasoning. They are not normally consumed on their own.

Examples: Vegetable oils, salt, sugar, butter and vinegar.

NOVA Group 3:

Processed Foods

These are foods made by adding ingredients from group 2 to group 1 foods, using methods like canning or baking.

Examples: Canned vegetables, salted nuts, cheese and traditional bread.

NOVA Group 4:

Ultra-Processed Foods

These are industrial formulations made from a variety of substances, including additives, to create ready to eat products with a long shelf life.

Examples: Carbonated drinks, margarine, sugary snacks, breakfast cereals and many ready-to-heat meals.